Form for “like” button

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_LIKES_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_CURRENT_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="like"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="postid" value="<FIXME_POST_ID_HERE>"/>
  <input type="submit" name="like" value="like"/>
</form>

Form for “unlike” button

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_LIKES_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_CURRENT_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="unlike"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="postid" value="<FIXME_POST_ID_HERE>"/>
  <input type="submit" name="unlike" value="unlike"/>
</form>

Form for “comment” button

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_COMMENTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_CURRENT_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="create"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="postid" value="<FIXME_POST_ID_HERE>"/>
  <input type="text" name="text" required/>
  <input type="submit" name="comment" value="comment"/>
</form>

Run the unit tests for the index page. The --noauth flag skips user login. Remove the --noauth flag after login is implemented.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_index.py

.../env/lib/python3.12/site-packages/arrow/arrow.py:1150: 
DeprecationWarning: datetime.datetime.utcnow() is deprecated and scheduled for removal in a future version. Use 
timezone-aware objects to represent datetimes in UTC: datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC).

 utc = dt_datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=dateutil_tz.tzutc())

GET /uploads/<filename>

A user with the direct link to an uploaded file, /uploads/<filename>, should only be able to see that file if logged in.

Do the following once login is implemented.

If an unauthenticated user attempts to access an uploaded file, abort(403), regardless of whether the file exists.

If an authenticated user attempts to access a file that does not exist, abort(404).

GET /users/<user_url_slug>/

screenshot1 screenshot2 screenshot3

Be sure to include

• username (user_url_slug)
• Relationship
  • “following” if the logged in user is following user_url_slug. Also include an “unfollow” button.
  • “not following” if the logged in user is not following user_url_slug. Also include a “follow” button.
  • Blank if logged in user == user_url_slug
• Number of posts, with correct English
• Number of followers, with correct English
  • Link to /users/<user_url_slug>/followers/
• Number following
  • Link to /users/<user_url_slug>/following/
• Name
• A small image for each post
  • Clicking on the image links to /posts/<postid_url_slug>/

If the user has 0 posts, display “No posts yet.”

For a user’s own page, also include

• Link to /accounts/edit/
• HTML form that POSTs to /accounts/logout/
• File upload form for creating a new post that POSTS to /posts/

If someone tries to access a user_url_slug that does not exist in the database, then abort(404).

Form for follow button

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_FOLLOWING_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_CURRENT_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="submit" name="follow" value="follow"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="username" value="<FIXME_USERNAME_HERE>"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="follow"/>
</form>

Form for unfollow button

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_FOLLOWING_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_CURRENT_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="submit" name="unfollow" value="unfollow"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="username" value="<FIXME_USERNAME_HERE>"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="unfollow"/>
</form>

Form for logout

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_LOGOUT_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="submit" name="logout" value="Logout"/>
</form>

Form for file upload

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_POSTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_CURRENT_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="file" name="file" accept="image/*" required/>
  <input type="submit" name="create_post" value="upload new post"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="create"/>
</form>

Run a unit test for the user page.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_user_public.py::test_awdeorio

GET /users/<user_url_slug>/followers/

screenshot

List the users that are following user_url_slug. For each, include:

• Icon
• Username, with link to /users/<username>/
• Relationship to logged in user
  • “following” if logged in user is following username. Also, an “unfollow” button. See above for HTML form.
  • “not following” if logged in user is not following username. Also, a “follow” button. See above for HTML form.
  • Blank if logged in user == username

If someone tries to access a user_url_slug that does not exist in the database, then abort(404).

Run a unit test for the followers page.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_followers_public.py::test_awdeorio_followers

GET /users/<user_url_slug>/following/

screenshot

List the users that user_url_slug is following. For each, include:

• Icon
• Username, with link to /users/<username>/
• Relationship to logged in user
  • “following” if logged in user is following username. Also, an “unfollow” button. See above for HTML form.
  • “not following” if logged in user is not following username. Also, a “follow” button. See above for HTML form.
  • Blank if logged in user == username

If someone tries to access a user_url_slug that does not exist in the database, then abort(404).

Run a unit test for the following page.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_following.py::test_awdeorio

GET /posts/<postid_url_slug>/

screenshot1 screenshot2

This page shows one post. Include the same information for this one post as is shown on the main page /.

Include a “delete” button next to each comment owned by the logged in user.

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_COMMENTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_CURRENT_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="delete"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="commentid" value="<FIXME_COMMENT_ID_HERE>"/>
  <input type="submit" name="uncomment" value="delete"/>
</form>

Include a “delete this post” button if the post is owned by the logged in user.`

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_POSTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_LOGGED_IN_USER_PAGE_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="delete"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="postid" value="<FIXME_POST_ID_HERE>"/>
  <input type="submit" name="delete" value="delete this post"/>
</form>

Run unit tests for the post page.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_post_public.py::test_postid_1 \
                     tests/app_tests/test_post_public.py::test_postid_2

GET /explore/

screenshot

This page lists all users that the logged in user is not following and includes:

• Icon
• Username with link to /users/<user_url_slug>/
• “follow” button
  • See above for HTML form

Run unit tests for the explore page.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_explore.py::test_awdeorio_default

GET /accounts/login/

screenshot

If logged in, redirect to /.

Otherwise, include username and password inputs and a login button.

Also include a link to /accounts/create/ in the page.

Use this HTML form code. Feel free to style it and include placeholders.

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from styling) -->
<form action="<FIXME_ACCOUNTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_INDEX_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="text" name="username" required/>
  <input type="password" name="password" required/>
  <input type="submit" value="login"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="login"/>
</form>

Run a unit test for the login page.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests/test_login_logout.py::test_login_page_content

GET /accounts/create/

screenshot

If a user is already logged in, redirect to /accounts/edit/.

Also include two links to /accounts/login/ in the page, one in the top Navigation section and one after the sign up button.

HTML form. Style as you like.

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from styling) -->
<form action="<FIXME_ACCOUNTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_INDEX_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="file" name="file" required/>
  <input type="text" name="fullname" required/>
  <input type="text" name="username" required/>
  <input type="text" name="email" required/>
  <input type="password" name="password" required/>
  <input type="submit" name="signup" value="sign up"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="create"/>
</form>

GET /accounts/delete/

screenshot

Confirmation page includes username and this form:

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS -->
<form action="<FIXME_ACCOUNTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_ACCOUNTS_CREATE_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="submit" name="delete" value="confirm delete account"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="delete"/>
</form>

GET /accounts/edit/

screenshot

Include user’s current photo and username. Include a form with photo upload, name and email. Name and email are automatically filled in with previous value. Username can not be edited.

Link to /accounts/password/.

Link to /accounts/delete/.

Use this form:

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS (aside from where we say 'FIXME') -->
<form action="<FIXME_ACCOUNTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_CURRENT_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="file" name="file" accept="image/*"/>
  <input type="text" name="fullname" value="<FIXME_FULL_NAME_HERE>" required/>
  <input type="text" name="email" value="<FIXME_EMAIL_HERE>" required/>
  <input type="submit" name="update" value="submit"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="edit_account"/>
</form>

GET /accounts/password/

screenshot

Include this form:

<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THIS -->
<form action="<FIXME_ACCOUNTS_URL_HERE>?target=<FIXME_EDIT_ACCOUNT_URL_HERE>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="password" name="password" required/>
  <input type="password" name="new_password1" required/>
  <input type="password" name="new_password2" required/>
  <input type="submit" name="update_password" value="submit"/>
  <input type="hidden" name="operation" value="update_password"/>
</form>

Link to /accounts/edit/.

GET /accounts/auth/

Return a 200 status code with no content (i.e. an empty response) if the user is logged in. abort(403) if the user is not logged in. This route is only used when you deploy the app to AWS.

POST /likes/?target=URL

This endpoint only accepts POST requests. Create or delete a like and immediately redirect to URL.

Setup

To get started, add a function stub for the /likes/ route to one of the Python files in your views module. Also make sure you have logging set up at the top of the file.

LOGGER = flask.logging.create_logger(insta485.app)

@insta485.app.route("/likes/", methods=["POST"])
def update_likes():
  LOGGER.debug("operation = %s", flask.request.form["operation"])
  LOGGER.debug("postid = %s", flask.request.form["postid"])
  # TODO: Update the database
  # TODO: Redirect the client with flask.redirect()
  # PITFALL: Do not call render_template()

Make sure your server is running.

$ ./bin/insta485run

Click the first unlike button on awdeorio’s feed. Requests to this endpoint are made by the form for “like” or “unlike” button on the index page.

You should see the logs from update_likes() in the terminal.

[2024-09-04 12:42:09,897] DEBUG in likes: operation = unlike
[2024-09-04 12:42:09,897] DEBUG in likes: postid = 3
127.0.0.1 - - [04/Sep/2024 12:42:09] "POST /likes/ HTTP/1.1" 302 -

Specification

Use the operation and postid values from the POST request form content.

If operation is like, create a like for postid. If operation is unlike, delete a like for postid.

Then, redirect to URL. If the value of ?target is not set, redirect to /.

If someone tries to like a post they have already liked or unlike a post they have not liked, then abort(409)

>>> flask.url_for("my_function", my_key="my_value")
/my_endpoint?my_key=my_value

Run a unit test for the likes POST request.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_post_public.py::test_like_unlike

POST /comments/?target=URL

This endpoint only accepts POST requests. Create or delete a comment on a post and immediately redirect to URL.

Use the operation, postid, commentid and text values from the POST request form content.

If operation is create, then create a new comment on postid with the content text. If operation is delete, then delete comment with ID commentid.

If a user tries to create an empty comment, then abort(400). 400 is the HTTP code indicating a Bad Request.

If a user tries to delete a comment that they do not own, then abort(403).

If the value of ?target is not set, redirect to /.

Run unit tests for the comments POST request.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_post_public.py::test_comment \
                     tests/app_tests/test_post_public.py::test_delete_comment

POST /posts/?target=URL

This endpoint only accepts POST requests. Create or delete a post and immediately redirect to URL.

Use the operation and postid values from the POST response form content.

If operation is create, save the image file to disk and redirect to URL.

If a user tries to create a post with an empty file, then abort(400).

If operation is delete, delete the image file for postid from the filesystem. Delete everything in the database related to this post. Redirect to URL.

If the value of ?target is not set, redirect to /users/<logname>/.

If a user tries to delete a post that they do not own, then abort(403).

UUID filenames

Use a universally unique identifier (UUID) for the filename when creating a post. A few reasons for UUID filenames are

1. Avoid two uploads with the same name overwriting each other,
2. Avoid filenames with characters that the filesystem doesn’t support.

Here’s how to compute filenames in your Flask app:

import pathlib
import uuid
import insta485

# Unpack flask object
fileobj = flask.request.files["file"]
filename = fileobj.filename

# Compute base name (filename without directory).  We use a UUID to avoid
# clashes with existing files, and ensure that the name is compatible with the
# filesystem. For best practive, we ensure uniform file extensions (e.g.
# lowercase).
stem = uuid.uuid4().hex
suffix = pathlib.Path(filename).suffix.lower()
uuid_basename = f"{stem}{suffix}"

# Save to disk
path = insta485.app.config["UPLOAD_FOLDER"]/uuid_basename
fileobj.save(path)

For example, if you upload the file awdeorio.JPG, the computed filename for this file would look something like fa0869c36f504c3fafd21d428185b387.jpg. Since UUID’s are generated randomly, your UUID will be different. Notice the lowercase file extension.

Run unit tests for the posts POST request.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_user_public.py::test_upload \
                     tests/app_tests/test_post_public.py::test_delete_post

POST /following/?target=URL

This endpoint only accepts POST requests. Follows or unfollows a user and immediately redirect to URL.

Use the operation and username values from the POST request form content.

If operation is follow, then make user logname follow user username.

If operation is unfollow, then make user logname unfollow user username.

If a user tries to follow a user that they already follow or unfollow a user that they do not follow, then abort(409).

If the value of ?target is not set, redirect to /.

Run unit tests for the following POST request.

$ pytest -v --noauth tests/app_tests/test_follow_unfollow.py

POST /accounts/logout/

This endpoint only accepts POST requests.

Log out user. Immediately redirect to /accounts/login/.

POST /accounts/?target=URL

This endpoint only accepts POST requests. Perform various account operations and immediately redirect to URL.

Use the operation value from the POST request form content to determine the type of action to take.

If the value of ?target is not set, redirect to /.

Operation: login

Use username and password from the POST request form content to log the user in.

If the username or password fields are empty, abort(400).

If username and password authentication fails, abort(403).

Set a session cookie. Reminder: only store minimal information in a session cookie!

Redirect to URL.

Run a unit test for operation: login.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests/test_login_logout.py::test_login

Operation: create

Use username, password, fullname, email and file from the POST request form content to create the user. See above for file upload and naming procedure.

If any of the above fields are empty, abort(400).

If a user tries to create an account with an existing username in the database, abort(409). 409 is the HTTP code indicating a Conflict Error.

Log the user in and redirect to URL.

Password storage

A password entry in the database contains the algorithm, salt and password hash separated by $. Use the sha512 algorithm like this:

import uuid
import hashlib
algorithm = 'sha512'
salt = uuid.uuid4().hex
hash_obj = hashlib.new(algorithm)
password_salted = salt + password
hash_obj.update(password_salted.encode('utf-8'))
password_hash = hash_obj.hexdigest()
password_db_string = "$".join([algorithm, salt, password_hash])
print(password_db_string)

Run a unit test for operation: create.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests/test_accounts_public.py::test_accounts_create

Operation: delete

If the user is not logged in, abort(403).

Delete all post files created by this user. Delete user icon file. Delete all related entries in all tables.

Upon successful submission, clear the user’s session, and redirect to URL.

Run a unit test for operation: delete.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests/test_accounts_public.py::test_accounts_delete

Operation: edit_account

If the user is not logged in, abort(403).

Use fullname, email and file from the POST request form content to edit the user account.

If the fullname or email fields are empty, abort(400).

If no photo file is included, update only the user’s name and email.

If a photo file is included, then the server will update the user’s photo, name and email. Delete the old photo from the filesystem. See above for file upload and naming procedure.

Upon successful submission, redirect to URL.

Run a unit test for operation: edit_account.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests/test_accounts_public.py::test_accounts_edit

Operation: update_password

If the user is not logged in, abort(403).

Use password, new_password1 and new_password2 from the POST request form content to update the user’s password.

If any of the above fields are empty, abort(400).

Verify password against the user’s password hash in the database. If verification fails, abort(403).

Verify both new passwords match. If verification fails, abort(401).

Update hashed password entry in database. See above for the password storage procedure.

Redirect to URL.

Run a unit test for operation: update_password.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests/test_accounts_public.py::test_accounts_password

All pages

Run unit tests for a different logged in user, michjc. This should help you sanity check that you’ve removed all hardcoded instances of awdeorio as the logged in user.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests/test_michjc.py

Run a unit test for SQL injection attack.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests/test_login_logout.py::test_sql_injection

Access control

The server should reject POST requests to delete entities not owned by the logged in user. For example, only the logged in user should be able to delete their own posts and comments. To reject a request with a permissions error, use flask.abort(403). Users should be able to comment and like posts of users that they are not following.

The following examples assume you have a (mostly) working Insta485 project with a freshly reset database.

Using curl

Curl is a command line tool for making HTTP requests. You can make the same requests that browser would make from the CLI.

Use curl to log in to Insta485. This command issues a POST request to /accounts/ with a username and password. The -F KEY=VALUE sends a key-value pair just like a web form. The --cookie-jar cookies.txt will save the cookies set by the website to the file cookies.txt.

$ curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/accounts/ \
  -F username=awdeorio \
  -F password=password \
  -F operation=login \
  --cookie-jar cookies.txt

View the index / page by issuing a GET request, sending the cookies set by the previous login (--cookie cookies.txt).

$ curl --cookie cookies.txt http://localhost:8000/
... <index.html page content here>

Delete a post by issuing a POST request.

$ curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/posts/ \
  -F postid=1 \
  -F operation=delete \
  --cookie cookies.txt

Malicious example

Even though the “Delete post” button is hidden on posts that the logged in user doesn’t own, any user can use a tool like curl to send a POST request to try to delete an Insta485 post.

Try to delete a post created by jflinn using awdeorio’s cookies. We get a 403 Forbidden error. This is a good thing!

$ curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/posts/ \
  -F postid=2 \
  -F operation=delete \
  --cookie cookies.txt
...
<title>403 Forbidden</title>
...

A 403 Forbidden error should also be returned when a malicious user attempts to delete another person’s comment.

Testing

This section will show how to run style and unit tests.

Code style

All Python code must be PEP8 compliant, comments must be PEP257 compliant, and code must pass a pylint static analysis.

$ pycodestyle insta485
$ pydocstyle insta485
$ pylint insta485

Compliant HTML

Automatically generated HTML must be W3C HTML5 compliant. To test dynamically generated pages, the test_style.py::test_html test case renders each page and saves it to a file. Then, it runs html5validator on the files.

$ pytest -vvs tests/app_tests/test_style.py::test_html

Unit tests

Run the app unit tests. Everything should pass except for the deploy test and some of the script tests.

$ pytest -v tests/app_tests

insta485test script

Write another script called bin/insta485test that does this:

1. Stop on errors and prints commands
2. Run pycodestyle insta485
3. Run pydocstyle insta485
4. Run pylint insta485
5. Run all unit tests using pytest -v tests

Don’t forget to check for shell script pitfalls.

$ file bin/*
bin/insta485db:        Bourne-Again shell script text executable, ASCII text
bin/insta485run:       Bourne-Again shell script text executable, ASCII text
bin/insta485test:      Bourne-Again shell script text executable, ASCII text

You should now submit your work to the autograder. Ignore errors about files that don’t exist when making the tarball.

Deploy to AWS

You should have already created an AWS account and instance (instructions). Resume the AWS Tutorial with Install Nginx and Install Flask App.

After you have deployed your site, download the main page along with a log. Do this from your local development machine, not while SSH’d into your EC2 instance.

$ pwd
/Users/awdeorio/src/eecs485/p2-insta485-serverside
$ hostname
awdeorio-laptop  # NOT AWS
$ curl -v <Public DNS (IPv4)>/accounts/login/ > deployed_insta485.html 2> deployed_insta485.log

Be sure to verify that the output in deployed_insta485.log doesn’t include errors like “Couldn’t connect to server”. If it does contain an error like this, it means curl couldn’t successfully connect with your flask app. Also be sure to check that the curl command points to your AWS instance URL and not to localhost.

Be sure to verify that the output in deployed_insta485.html looks like a successfully rendered login page and does not contain any errors.

Shutting down AWS instance

Be sure to shut down your instance when you’re done with it (Stop EC2 Instance Instructions).

Submitting and grading

One team member should register your group on the autograder using the create new invitation feature.

Submit a tarball to the autograder, which is linked from https://eecs485.org. Include the --disable-copyfile flag only on macOS.

$ tar \
  --disable-copyfile \
  --exclude '*__pycache__*' \
  -czvf submit.tar.gz \
  bin \
  insta485 \
  sql \
  deployed_insta485.html \
  deployed_insta485.log

The autograder will run pip install -e YOUR_SOLUTION. The exact library versions in the requirements.txt provided with the starter files is cached on the autograder, so be sure not to add extra library dependencies to requirements.txt or pyproject.toml.

Direct link to the F24 Project 2 autograder: https://autograder.io/web/project/2540.

Rubric

This is an approximate rubric.

Things we won’t test

The autograder focuses on the functionality of your solution. These are some specific optional aspects of the project that we won’t evaluate.

• CSS styling
• Labeled form inputs, e.g., <p>Name: <input type="text" name="fullname"/></p>
• User-submitted data validation not mentioned in this spec. For example, a password that contains only whitespace.
• Situations not mentioned in this spec. Make any decision that you might reasonable expect on a real website. However, use flask.abort() only for errors.

FAQ

Do trailing slashes in URLs matter?

Yes. Use them everywhere. See the “Unique URLs / Redirection Behavior” section in the Flask quickstart.

Static files (like .jpg) should not have a trailing slash at the end. Use trailing slashes everywhere else.

Should I change HTML forms?

You can add HTML to style forms any way you choose. Don’t change the number, type or names of the inputs. This is because the autograder will make POST requests.

How should I link to my routes in HTML?

Use the flask.url_for function. Read documentation about this function online.

Can I disable any code style checks?

Do not disable any code style check from any code style tool (pycodestyle, pydocstyle, pylint). There are two exceptions listed here.

In insta485/__init__.py, the Flask framework requires an import at the bottom of the file (reference). We’re going to tell pylint and pycodestyle to ignore this coding style violation.

import insta485.views  # noqa: E402  pylint: disable=wrong-import-position
import insta485.model  # noqa: E402  pylint: disable=wrong-import-position

In insta485/__init__.py, the Flask framework uses an object that is used throughout the module. Although its value never changes, it is not a constant in the classic sense. We’re going to tell pylint to ignore this coding style violation.

app = flask.Flask(__name__)  # pylint: disable=invalid-name

Why do I keep getting 404 Not Found?

A common reason to get 404 Not Found errors is if you forget to include the routes in your solution’s insta485/views/__init__.py file. Here’s a snippet of the instructor solution.

from insta485.views.index import show_index
from insta485.views.user import show_user
# ...

Acknowledgments

Original document written by Andrew DeOrio awdeorio@umich.edu.

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